I present the viewers to the viewers another article in which the traditional incorrect exposition of the material was applied. Priorities are put upside down. I first cite a description of the electronic lamps, instead of describing the features of the output transformer. It will be going to disintend 6p44c - it's powerful electric lampsuitable for building an amplifier. It has relatively small dimensions, with the declared high power of scattering the anode. Appearance, Connection scheme, panels and Chinese anode caps are shown in the picture. Radie Tetrod 6P44C is called a television lamp. This is a very good motor, to create a high-quality two-stroke powerful amplifier Sound. However, this lamp is relatively low-voltage and has elevated in comparison with traditional current lamps. However, the more significant feature of the output cascade with these lamps is the need to apply a highly efficient driver, "swinging" low-sensitive lamps.
Some inconvenience of the lamps 6p44c and their like lies in the upper arrangement of anodic output. In addition to constructive inconvenience, there is a problem of "mining" anodic caps. Chinese caps are not small money, and nothing is justified. I managed to make simple and reliable caps at a bubbling cost. Ceramics ordinary from heating elements, Melting high temperature, petals from tinnitus, MGCW wires 0.35 with use here.
Traditional and rooted in the minds of people, an approach to the presentation of material on lamp amplifiers and diagrams, which comes from the name and selection of lamps is not reasonable and not correct. It is unreasonable to start choosing a car with a motor and wheels, because at first it is estimated to appreciate, cost, aesthetics, functionality and other characteristics. Common sense suggests that the most important node lamp amplifier It is the output transformer. The quality of the entire amplifier depends on its quality. The cost of the output transformer can be 80% or more of the value of the entire project. It is from the choice of a transformer, its manufacture or purchase depends on everything, including the choice of the appropriate type of lamps. Therefore, I explain that my presentation of the material in a traditional order has another goal. Namely, the goal is to limit information about the use of simple and convenient typical transformers, with high precision suitable for widespread lamps. If the viewer knew that most lamp amplifiers highest quality It can be collected without the use of unique hand-to-hand motility manipulations, then it may probably deal with the lamp technology market. And to undermine the level of artificially swollen prices for lamp amplifiers using my engineering knowledge is very, very simple. It is the use of typical transformers in specific inclusion schemes that makes it possible to achieve objectively extreme sound quality of the lamp amplifier. And there are no focus here, but only engineering. Moreover, most amplifiers with serial transformers can be built on colossal power. And for this you should use powerful single or dual medium power lamps in each two-time shoulder with modified translational transformers or rod security forces. The most better results gives the differential inclusion of transformers, for example, according to the scheme shown below. But transformers need to be selected by the symmetry condition. Below is the scheme that I really like it myself. In such a decision, there are no strengthening restrictions. The fact is that for 6p44c it takes a good "routing". Therefore, the use of traditional Williamson circuitry is limited and requires additional effort when creating powerful drivers. And here used cathode repeaters and direct connections. But the setting of this scheme is even more complicated, and the prerequisite will be the preliminary selection of all lamps, and not just the output cascade. Selection of double triiodas under the conditions of symmetry of halves may be much more important than the selection of powerful lamps.
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For lamps 6P44C there is another problem, it is enough not to just find a reliable description of characteristics and modes. Although the light bulb over the mode parameters is quite decent. Especially high voltage nutrition for 6P44C is not necessary, but the anode current can be set quite large. Based on this, the output two-stroke transformers should be used with a small resistance of the RAA, literally in a slight kilome. In this embodiment, some typical transformers, such as the output transformers from the Bulgarian amplifier, are pretty good. And of course it is convenient to apply special partitioned bourgeois output transformers, with a capacity of about 100W. Bourgeois sound transformers are green money. If a single transformer is used at the output, then, of course, it must be partitioned and symmetrical, with intermittent windings, otherwise the quality of the sound in the region of the RF will not be able to ensure. The traditional scheme engine of Williamson is shown below. The output transformer is applied low-level, ready-made republic, but competently sprinkled by sections. In practice, most of typical responds have not shown the desired value of their own inductance. Therefore, it may be necessary to apply the use of the general OOS to expand the frequency range of the amplifier in the field of the NF.
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Traditionally, preferably use rather powerful single transformers. Watt 100-160 is not bad. The stock of the gland must be necessarily. However, the use of iron from 0.4 kVA and more transformers and more, it should be considered already busting. Transformers of such a dimensions do not justify the mass of the final product. For me, examples of using such transformers are primarily examples of the illiteracy and the low-culture of the creator of the lamp amplifier of low power. No reasonable arguments for use in a 20-watt tube amplifier output transformer in dimensions of 0.4 kva - no. And even more so in an amplifier designed by 5 watts. The following is a diagram in which a pre-cascade with dynamic load is applied. Here the tuning result will be somewhat more complicated, but with the gain the situation is better. You can apply or more simple solutions, for example, in the form of an ordinary nonbalansional phase inverter. To increase the amplifying resource, you will have to increase the anode voltages somewhat. However, in general, this scheme should be excited from a source of a rather significant signal, since the gain will still be not enough.
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Powerful electrolytes are used to filter pulsations along the supply chains. IN two-stroke amplifier An increase in the filter capacity is not particularly carried away. The capacity of the main filter capacitor is more than 1000 μF - it is generally excessive measure. Two-stroke schemes ensure the compensation of anti-phase pulsations, so the filter requirements are not large. However, a good capacitor may be required in the dynamics of UMP. Better if the DC bus is formed on powerful battery capacitors detected directly from the rectifier. But often condo large capacity put after the input throttle. The choice of the place of its installation often depends on the fact that the viewer will want to burn the charging current in the first place. In addition, when building a power source, it is necessary to remember that the high inductance choke simply misses the instantaneous increased currents of peak loads and to get involved in inductors in 5-10 Henry does not need. Contrary to science, the first capacitor of the P-shaped filter can be relatively small containers. This will limit the starting current through the diodes and will help save kenotrons at an exotic power supply. Should be remembered general rule, Large capacitance capacitors require a smooth charging, subject to a hard limitation of the charging current, therefore you need nodes of the power supply delay, you need automation. In the pre-amplification cascades, the filter capacitors of a small capacity are used. There is meager current consumption, therefore pulsations are extremely small and larging are not needed. However, capacitors with a capacity of less than 100 μF are currently better not to be applied at all. This is a junk and an outdated approach.
The following is an option for a diagram with a differential pair. matching transformers High symmetry at the output. Since transformers are used typical and farewell power (100W), in such an amplifier, it is possible to stick on a pair of lamps 6P44C in the shoulder. It should be noted that the selection of paired transformers is required. And the amplifier setting has features, since additional measures to combat self-excitation will be needed. Much depends on the quality of installation, even if attached. But in the result of the correct assembly, the machine will be obtained about 60 W rated power with exceptional characteristics.
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With the overall chains of the outlet lamps, you can add more than with the slope of the first lamps, but you need competent design of the case. You can apply pair sequential inclusion of 6 voltage filaments. But you need to check the distribution of stresses in the slope chains. This will allow you to go to smaller consumption currents. Therefore, you can reduce the background. It is possible to go into a constant current stabilized or pulse sources, or for example, in high frequency (28-100 kHz) powered by pulse sources. Twisted pairs for rolling chains should be applied. But the input lamps need to be constructed. The use of nutrition dCOr the use of anodic displacement of the rolling yarns gives very good results. It is even better to apply the bifilar winding of special anti-high transformers. But this is a big job.
The amplifier is better to create as a designer from blocks. Each unit is better to configure autonomously. After assembly in a bunch, you can quickly rehearse the interaction of the blocks. At the same time, it is not necessary to look stupid to seek an error that can be easily allowed when mounting inside the combine. It should be noted that Tetrod 6P44C rightly refer to fairly tight lamps requiring special efforts to "roll". That is why directly before the output lamps should not be installed a sly driver. The need for use in this cascade is 6H23P, you can justify the ease of achievement, since this is a rather powerful and dynamic lamp. But there are examples of application as a driver of Lapmochki 6N1P, which, with a thorough setting, completely copes with a tight 6P44C. And the lack of strengthening of the output cascade on 6P44C can be used with a plus when building "oak" cascades with dual or parallel lamps built in each shoulder. Aligning resistors do not forget!
The recommendation on the block approach to building a lamp amplifier fully refers to the use of the output transformer. At the very beginning of the manufacturer of the amplifier, you need to carefully experience an existing transformer (transformer pair). You need to test it separate from everything. It is necessary to test it with the use of voltmeters and an ammeter and load resistors, when connected to the latter. If it is a pair of transformers, then they are first collected in the block, they are monolithically tied to the common plate, which is later mounted housing. A pair of transformers are also carefully experienced under load. Find out the degree of symmetry, the magnitude of the scattering and the load capacity. Immediately spilling with harms all the windings outputs. Also apply twisted pairs from a multicolored wire. And when the transformer block is inserted into the housing, then multi-colored pigtails are simply soaked in the chassis window. The wires are molded by imaginary noise and tips in the harnesses and cut long tails into the required size, at the place of attachment to the pads.
The power supply is always a separate module that is completely rehearsed and tested in advance. The power supply unit is mounted in the housing as conceived at the very beginning, and there are no problems. The power supply provides guaranteed voltages and currents. All relay power supply systems must be rebuilt in advance at time exposure and limit start and long-term overloads. At the end of the installation, it is enough to scatter pigtails twisted par By harness and pump ends on terminal.
As a result, a distinct block structure is obtained, which is clearly functional to all modules. To establish such a device when using proven light bulbs will not be much difficult. When you first start and especially in the setting of the lamp amplifier, oscilloscope is needed. It is extremely simply becoming measuring voltages at nodal points, as well as catch all sorts-use sources. It is advisable to independently make a dipstick with a 1: 100 divider for diagnosis high voltages. The use of analog milliammeters and ammeters to control currents during the setting no one has canceled! This is the right approach. This method is much more cultural than the use of the Chinese multimeter to control the current by the indirect method on the fall of the malelval voltage at the shunt. However B. measuring instrument need not too long wires, and desirable installation is desirable to avoid excitement.
Evgeny Bortnik, August 2015, Russia, Krasnoyarsk
Practical schemes of lamp amplifiers on TN transformers
Scheme 1. Two-block amplifier on triode pentods 6F3P or 6F5P.
Classic scheme and in detailed description Physicists of her work does not need.
A differential cascade is used as a pre-cascade of amplification and phase inverter. The current anode of each trio is 1.45 mA. At the same time, the coefficient of amplification of the cascade from the input to each exit is 25. The sensitivity of the amplifier from the entrance, at a maximum output power - 0.45 volts of an effective value.
The output stage of the amplifier works with automatic displacement in class AV mode. The balance of currents of the outlet lamps is established due to a small (plus / minus 1.5 volts) changes to their grid displacements.
The power supply is made on the basis of standard TAN transformers with a bridge semiconductor rectifier and classic P-shaped C-L-C Filterohm. For low-voltage "current" lamps, use in the rectifier of semiconductor diodes instead of kenotrons is preferable.
The amplifier parameters according to this scheme are shown in the first two lines of table 4.
Replacing 6F3P on 6F5P will not lead to a change in the scheme, unless you have to turn on the layout of the panel and turn on the output transformer windings. Perhaps also, in this scheme, apply and "single" pentoders 6P18P, 6P43P, and the phase inverter differential cascade is performed on a double triode 6N23P. This scheme is shown in the following figure. It uses another series of supply transformers and a pre-cascade for better linearity is twice. large tension Anode food.
Scheme 2. Three-colored amplifier at 6N23P and 6P43P or 6P18P.
The scheme is completely similar to the previous one, with the only difference that the pre-differential cascade is made on a double triode 6N23P. The anode current of each trio is 6.25 mA. The gain of such a scheme from the entrance and to each of the paraphase outputs is 14. Accordingly, the sensitivity of the amplifier from the input, at a maximum output power - 0.8 volts of an effective value.
If you wish, it is necessary to submit to the amplifiers according to the schemes 1 and 2 paraphase input, the inverse signal is necessary to submit to the second trigger grid through the condenser (0.47 μF) existing in the circuit (0.47 microf), disconnecting its lower output from the total bus. In this case, the sensitivity of the amplifier for each input will be 2 x 0.4 volts. In Scheme 1, the sensitivity of the amplifier at a paraphase signal will be 2 x 0.225 volts.
The power supply over the components of the elements is completely similar to the previous scheme, however, it is different in physics. Preliminary cascade is powered increased voltage + 370 Volts from the bridge rectifier to provide greater amplification linearity and better symmetry of the circuit due to the large value of the resistor in the common cathode chain and, accordingly, a large voltage drop on it (+ 70 volts). The output stage is powered by a two-speaker rectifier formed by two bridge diodes with grounded anodes, and the + 200 volt potential is removed from the average point of the anode winding. The smoothing filter is similar to the previous scheme.
Range of frequency in half power (0.707 voltage) from 40 Hz to 25 kHz.
The sensitivity of the amplifier at a maximum output power - 0.25 ... 0.3 volts.
The variable parameters of amplifiers according to the schemes 1 and 2 are summarized in Table 4.
Table 4.
| Lamp | Output Tr-p. | Silence Trp. | PVI [W] | RAA [Ohm] | EA [V] | IAO. | - EG1 [v] | RK [Ohm] | RC [OM] |
| 6f3p | TN33, 36. | Tang2, 14, 28, 42 | 9 | 5000 | 220 | 2 x 32. | 16 | 270 | 240 |
| 6F5P. | TN36, 39. | Tang2, 14, 28, 42 | 14 | 4050 | 220 | 2 x 40. | 20 | 120 | 270 |
| 6p18p | TN36, 39. | Tan4, 17, 31, 45 | 9 | 5600 | 200 | 2 x 60. | 11 | 330 | 75 |
| 6p43p | TN36, 39. | Tan4, 17, 31, 45 | 15 | 3333 | 200 | 2 x 60. | 16 | 330 | 130 |
Scheme 3. Two-stroke UH On "television" lamps.
The pre-amplifier in this scheme is made double. The mode of the first cascade of amplification on the triode part 6F1P is selected close to type-type with anodic current 10 mA at a voltage on an anode 93 volt. Cascade enhancement coefficient 7.
The phase inverter is made according to the paraphase differential amplifier diagram at a double triode 6N23P with a current source in a common cathode chain. As a source of current, a pento part of the lamp 6F1P is used. Diffscad scheme is completely similar to the previous one. The anode current of each trio is 6.25 mA. The gain coefficient is 14. Thus, the overall pre-enhancement coefficient will be 98.
The sensitivity of the UMR according to Scheme 3 at a maximum output power will be 0.23 volts of effective value.
Since the anodic supply voltages of amplifiers with TN-AMI are rigidly fixed and determined by the above calculations, and the parameters of the "personnel" and "lowercase" lamps are largely continuity, it seems possible for 6P36C, 6P41C, 6P42C, 6P44C, 6P45C, to develop a single amplifier circuit. Only the parameters of some passive elements will be different, the inclusion of secondary windings and the symptoms of the power and output transformers will be included. Well, of course, the current consumed from the power source and the output power of amplifiers will also be significantly different.
As an anode rectifier for an amplifier on current lamps, it is better to use a semiconductor bridge, after which the smoothing C-L-C is installed. Such a scheme compared with a kenotronic rectifier will provide better stability of low anode voltage at high load currents. And the anode currents in these amplifiers will be very significant. The resistor 1 kilome in the minus output of an anode bridge limits the charge current of the filter capacitor and after turning on the amplifier should be shorted, but not earlier than 5 seconds.
Changeable amplifier parameters according to Scheme 3 are summarized in Table 5
Table 5.
| Lamp | Output transformer | Power transformer | POW. [W] | RAA [Ohm] | EA [V] | IAO. | - EG1 [v] | Rg [com] | SF [ICF] |
| 6P41S. | TN42, 44, 46, 47 | Tang31, 45. | 28 | 1620 | 200 | 2 x 70. | 27 | 27 | 330 |
| 6P36S. | TN49, 50, 52 | Tang45, 59. | 32 | 1400 | 200 | 2 x 60. | 24 | 20 | 470 |
| 6P44S. | TN54, 56, 57 | TAN73. | 43 | 1040 | 200 | 2 x 100. | 33 | 43 | 470 |
| 6P42S. | TN58, 59. | TAN73, 108. | 49 | 920 | 200 | 2 x 100. | 33 | 43 | 680 |
| 6p45s | TN60, 61. | TAN108. | 56 | 800 | 200 | 2 x 150. | 37 | 68 | 680 |
The option of the amplifier on the lamps 6P44C is shown in the following scheme. The balance of the output cascade circuit in small limits is adjusted using a potentiometer in screen grids. After presenting this resistor, the same lamp currents in rest mode, the final adjustment of the symmetry of the circuit should be carried out at a nominal signal at a minimum of nonlinear distortion.
When installing the amplifiers, it is necessary to remember that the armor transformers TAN31, 45, 59 and the rod tang73, 108 have different numbers of conclusions.
You can also try for current lamps and a triode switching on by connecting the screen grid with anode, good, their typical mode provides the same anode supply voltage and on-screen grid.
You can also translate the output cascade to class A mode with automotive - with a common resistor in 140 ohms cathodes for 6P44C (dissipated on this resistor will be 6.6 W, therefore it is necessary to connect the four 2-watt resistors for 560 ohms), of course, adjusting Anodic power to these 30 volts, including consistently with the anode windings, the released displacement windings 11-12 and 20-21. Thus, with autosage, the supply voltage of the anode will increase approximately 230 and volts. However, it will be necessary to check the supply voltage of the pre-cascade so that it does not exceed the limit value of 450 volts for electrolytic capacitors. The excess voltage will pay off the resistor in 10 kiloma 1 watt, included directly in the positive output of the anode bridge before connecting it to the filter condenser. A similar inclusion of the quenching resistor is shown in Scheme 2.
The same amplifier scheme will provide required and the sample of the output voltage of the phase inverter for the swing of the "regulating" lamps of type 6C19P, 6C41C, 6C33C. But this is the topic of one of the following articles.
TN transformers open huge circuitry in the design of two-stroke lamp amplifiers, and right up to high-quality sound playback.
Experiment!
M - without an anode cap
Well, tell me who optimal modes for this lamp in the triode and interior resistance And Mu at the working point ... I broke it - he listened to the amplifier on these lamps, the Duck play with the ideentic scheme engineering better than EL34 and much better EL84. Unlike 6p45s, it is stable to hold the mode without floating in thermotoks in a fixed displacement. Well, in Lbcy, Pamagitis who can. I so monimay the graffs of the anode for this lamp are not in nature - even in my reference book "Ministries" is not.
Gajdar
Then it is better to apply 6p36s. She plays even better than 6p44c
6P44C have a large variation in parameters. I used them as a domestic substitution of EL34 in PP amplifiers. It took a serious selection of lamps, before it was possible to somehow align couples in the canals
Shalin
From left to right: heat, cathode, UPR. Mesh Golden, 2nd Mesh Black and smears like coal, 3rd mesh, anode, plates, female 
Two years ago and the revenue was an ammunition at 6p44c. Surprise good impression. After 6p45th, two orders of magnitude better. And all scolded ...
Add. The only thing that did not try for 6P45C is Oleg Chernyshev regimes - I learned about them late.
Sergey Z.
IMHO, 6p44c in comparison with 6p36c first fascinates the novelty of the sound, then listening to
You realize that the sound "prickly is a rash", but subjectively high more,
When measuring a longer tail of harmonics, comparative measurements were carried out only
One output cascade on different lamps with other things being equal.
As for the spread, Svetlana 6P44C has closer parameters than 6p36c,
6P44C medium scatter up to 30-35%, 6p36c to 50%.
Everything will be a comparison, but unlanted earlier, selected 6P31C, IMHO have the most
Natural sound, close to sounding 2A3 on SC and HF.
Manakov
I did not have Svetlana 6P44C, and Saratov made quite ugly, because of what, in fact, threw them to mess around with them.
Characteristics of selected steam 44x drove after six months
Explication (as they wrote in the 50s!), Therefore, I had to translate my monoblocks at 6P44C on the same 6P36C. So what to do.
Alexander K.